ST-Manual Testing - 8 - Defect Reporting

 

How can we define a defect in software testing`?

A defect, also known as a bug, is a deviation from the expected behaviour of a software application. In software testing, a defect is identified when the actual outcome of a test differs from the expected outcome. This can occur due to a flaw in the design, coding, or requirements gathering of the software. Defects can range in severity from minor cosmetic issues to critical failures that prevent the software from functioning as intended. The goal of software testing is to identify as many defects as possible before the software is released to the public, to ensure that the end-users have a high-quality, reliable experience.

What are all the fields needed while reporting a defect ?

The fields needed while reporting a defect can vary depending on the specific organization and its processes, but some common fields are:

1. Summary or Title: A brief and clear description of the defect.
2. Severity: The level of impact the defect has on the software's functionality.
3. Priority: The urgency with which the defect should be addressed.
4. Steps to Reproduce: Detailed instructions on how to recreate the defect.
5. Expected Result: The behaviour that was expected to occur.
6. Actual Result: The behaviour that occurred.
7. Environment: The specific operating system, hardware, and software configurations under which the defect was observed.
8. Attachments: Screenshots, log files, or any other relevant information that can assist in the investigation and resolution of the defect.
9. Assigned To: The individual or team responsible for fixing the defect.
10. Status: The current state of the defect, such as "Open," "In Progress," "Fixed," or "Closed."
11. Resolution: The explanation of how the defect was fixed or why it cannot be fixed.

These fields help provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the issue, making it easier for the development team to diagnose and resolve the defect. Using the above fields we report a sample defect in a social networking platform,

Summary or Title: Incorrect display of user profile picture

Severity: Medium

Priority: High

Steps to Reproduce:

1. Log in to the social networking platform.
2. Go to your profile page.
3. Observe the display of your profile picture.

Expected Result: The profile picture should be displayed in its correct aspect ratio and size.

Actual Result: The profile picture is displayed with incorrect dimensions, causing it to appear stretched or compressed.

Environment: Windows 10, Google Chrome version 88.0.4324.104

Attachments: Screenshot of the incorrect display of the profile picture.

Assigned To: Front-end development team.

Status: Open

Resolution: Not yet determined.

few better to have fields in the above example to provide more information about the defect:

1. Module: The specific part of the software that is affected by the defect.
2. Version: The version number of the software where the defect was found.
3. Date Found: The date the defect was first identified.
4. Reporter: The person who reported the defect.
5. Reproducibility: The frequency with which the defect occurs, such as "always" or "random."
6. Related Requirements: The specific requirement or requirements that are related to the defect.
7. Impact: The extent to which the defect affects the overall functionality of the software.
8. Root Cause: The underlying cause of the defect, if known.
9. Fix Time Estimate: An estimate of the amount of time required to fix the defect.

These additional fields can provide valuable context and help the development team prioritize and plan the resolution of the defect.

What should a test engineer do when a valid defect is rejected by a developer ?

When a test engineer reports a valid defect that is rejected by a developer, there are a few steps that can be taken to resolve the issue:

1. Verify the defect: Before taking any further action, the test engineer should verify that the defect is still present and can be easily reproduced. This helps to ensure that the defect is not a result of a misunderstanding or miscommunication.
2. Discuss with the developer: The test engineer should have a discussion with the developer to understand the reason for the rejection. The developer may have additional information or a different perspective on the issue that the test engineer was not aware of. This dialogue can help to resolve any misunderstandings and come to a mutually agreed upon resolution.
3. Provide additional information: If the developer is unable to reproduce the defect, the test engineer should provide additional information or clarification, such as detailed steps to reproduce, screenshots, or log files. This can help the developer understand the issue better and make a more informed decision on its validity.
4. Escalate the issue: If the test engineer and the developer are unable to resolve the issue, the test engineer may need to escalate the matter to a manager or team lead for further review. This can help to ensure that the defect is addressed in a timely and effective manner.
5. Document the rejection: Regardless of the outcome, the rejection of the defect should be documented, along with the reasons for the rejection and any relevant information or discussions. This helps to maintain a clear record of the testing process and can assist in future resolution of similar issues.

By following these steps, the test engineer can work with the developer to resolve the issue and ensure that valid defects are addressed and fixed in a timely manner.

What would happen in a defect triage call?

A defect triage call is a meeting between the test team, development team, and possibly other stakeholders to review and prioritize reported defects. The objective of the triage call is to assess the severity and priority of each defect and determine the next steps for resolution.

During a defect triage call, the following steps typically occur:

1. Review of reported defects: The test team reviews each defect that has been reported, including its summary, severity, priority, and any relevant attachments or additional information.
2. Discussion with development team: The development team provides feedback on the defects, including their understanding of the issue and their perspective on its severity and priority.
3. Assess severity and priority: Based on the discussion and review, the group determines the severity and priority of each defect. This helps to prioritize the fixing of defects and ensures that the most critical issues are addressed first.
4. Determine next steps: For each defect, the group determines the next steps, including who will be responsible for fixing the issue and when it should be fixed.
5. Update defect tracking system: The information from the triage call is used to update the defect tracking system, including the status of each defect, the assigned owner, and the estimated time of resolution.
6. Review open defects: The group reviews the status of open defects and discusses any issues or concerns related to the resolution of these defects.

By conducting a regular defect triage call, the test and development teams can work together to prioritize and resolve reported defects in an efficient and effective manner.

What is defect age and how it is elated to defect triage calls !

Defect age refers to the amount of time that has elapsed since a defect was reported. In software development, the age of a defect is an important metric that helps to understand the effectiveness of the defect management process. Defect age can be related to defect triage calls because the objective of the triage call is to prioritize and resolve reported defects in a timely manner. During the triage call, the group assesses the severity and priority of each defect and determines the next steps for resolution. This helps to ensure that critical defects are fixed as soon as possible and that the defect management process is effective in addressing reported issues. The age of a defect is also important because it can impact the cost of resolution. The longer a defect goes unresolved, the more complex it may become to fix and the more it may impact the overall quality of the software. By monitoring the age of defects and conducting regular triage calls, the test and development teams can work together to prioritize and resolve defects in an efficient and effective manner, which helps to improve the overall quality of the software.

Please explain defect severity with an example from a social networking platform app

Defect severity is a classification of how critical a defect is in relation to the functioning of the software. In a social networking platform app, for example, the severity of a defect can range from minor cosmetic issues to critical functionality issues that impact the user experience.

Examples of different levels of defect severity in a social networking platform app:

1. Severity 1: Critical: This is the highest severity level and indicates a defect that completely prevents the app from functioning or causes a complete loss of data. For example, a critical defect in a social networking platform app could be the failure of the login functionality, which prevents users from accessing their accounts.
2. Severity 2: High: This indicates a defect that significantly impacts the functionality of the app but does not prevent it from functioning completely. For example, a high severity defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the news feed, which makes it difficult for users to see updates from their friends.
3. Severity 3: Medium: This indicates a defect that has a moderate impact on the functionality of the app but does not significantly affect the user experience. For example, a medium severity defect in a social networking platform app could be a formatting issue with a user's profile page.
4. Severity 4: Low: This is the lowest severity level and indicates a defect that is a cosmetic issue or has a minor impact on the functionality of the app. For example, a low severity defect in a social networking platform app could be a misspelled word on a button.

It's important to accurately classify the severity of a defect so that it can be prioritized and addressed in a timely manner. The more severe a defect, the higher priority it should be given in the defect resolution process.

Please explain defect Priority with an example from a social networking platform app

Defect priority is a classification of how important it is to fix a defect in relation to other defects and the overall development schedule. In a social networking platform app, for example, the priority of a defect can range from minor cosmetic issues that can be fixed later to critical functionality issues that need to be fixed immediately.

Some examples of different levels of defect priority in a social networking platform app:

1. Priority 1: Urgent: This is the highest priority level and indicates a defect that must be fixed immediately because it has a major impact on the app's functionality or is causing significant harm to the user experience. For example, a priority 1 defect in a social networking platform app could be a security vulnerability that allows unauthorized access to user data.
2. Priority 2: High: This indicates a defect that needs to be fixed as soon as possible but may not have the same level of urgency as a priority 1 defect. For example, a priority 2 defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the messaging functionality that is causing delays or errors.
3. Priority 3: Medium: This indicates a defect that needs to be fixed at some point but is not as urgent as a priority 1 or 2 defect. For example, a priority 3 defect in a social networking platform app could be a layout issue with a specific screen or page.
4. Priority 4: Low: This is the lowest priority level and indicates a defect that can be fixed later or is a minor cosmetic issue. For example, a priority 4 defect in a social networking platform app could be a typo in a piece of text.

It's important to accurately classify the priority of a defect so that it can be prioritized and addressed in a timely manner. The higher the priority of a defect, the more important it is to resolve it quickly to ensure a high-quality user experience.

Please explain different defect types based on defect severity and defect priority with one example for each defect type from a social networking platform app.

Different types of defects based on both severity and priority in a social networking platform app:

1. Critical-Urgent (Severity 1, Priority 1): A defect that must be fixed immediately because it has a major impact on the app's functionality and is causing significant harm to the user experience. For example, a critical-urgent defect in a social networking platform app could be a security vulnerability that allows unauthorized access to user data.
2. High-Urgent (Severity 2, Priority 1): A defect that needs to be fixed as soon as possible because it has a significant impact on the app's functionality but is not causing immediate harm to the user experience. For example, a high-urgent defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the messaging functionality that is causing delays or errors.
3. Medium-High (Severity 3, Priority 2): A defect that needs to be fixed soon but is not as urgent as a priority 1 or 2 defect. For example, a medium-high defect in a social networking platform app could be a layout issue with a specific screen or page that affects the overall user experience.
4. Low-Medium (Severity 4, Priority 3): A defect that can be fixed later and is a minor cosmetic issue. For example, a low-medium defect in a social networking platform app could be a typo in a piece of text that does not significantly impact the user experience.

It's important to accurately classify the severity and priority of a defect so that it can be prioritized and addressed in a timely manner. The combination of severity and priority determines the overall importance of fixing a defect, and this information is used to make decisions about the allocation of resources and the order in which defects are addressed.

Please list out an example from a social networking platform app for each combination of defect severity and priority from low to high.

Some examples of different combinations of defect severity and priority in a social networking platform app:

1. Low-Low (Severity 4, Priority 4): A cosmetic issue that can be fixed at a later time and has a low impact on the user experience. For example, a low-low defect in a social networking platform app could be a misaligned button on a specific screen.
2. Medium-Low (Severity 3, Priority 4): A minor functionality issue that does not significantly impact the user experience. For example, a medium-low defect in a social networking platform app could be an error message that appears in certain circumstances but does not prevent the user from continuing to use the app.
3. Medium-Medium (Severity 3, Priority 3): A moderate functionality issue that affects the user experience but can be fixed in a timely manner. For example, a medium-medium defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the photo upload feature that slows down the app.
4. High-Medium (Severity 2, Priority 3): A significant functionality issue that affects the user experience and needs to be fixed soon. For example, a high-medium defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the notification system that causes delays in receiving notifications.
5. High-High (Severity 2, Priority 2): A critical functionality issue that affects the user experience and needs to be fixed as soon as possible. For example, a high-high defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the friend-finding feature that prevents users from finding new friends on the app.
6. Critical-High (Severity 1, Priority 2): A critical issue that has a significant impact on the user experience and needs to be fixed as soon as possible. For example, a critical-high defect in a social networking platform app could be a problem with the privacy settings that causes users' profiles to be visible to everyone by default.
7. Critical-Critical (Severity 1, Priority 1): A critical issue that has a major impact on the user experience and must be fixed immediately. For example, a critical-critical defect in a social networking platform app could be a security vulnerability that allows unauthorized access to user data.

It's important to note that the classification of defects in terms of severity and priority can be subjective and may vary from organization to organization or project to project. However, the overall goal is to accurately assess the impact of each defect and prioritize them accordingly so that resources can be effectively allocated, and the most critical defects can be addressed first.

In a software development cycle, it's essential to have a well-defined process for reporting, tracking, and fixing defects. This process typically involves a combination of manual testing, automated testing, and continuous monitoring of the app's performance and functionality. Defects are logged, triaged, and then assigned to a development team for resolution.

In conclusion, accurately assessing the severity and priority of defects is a critical part of software testing and development, as it helps ensure that resources are effectively allocated and that the most critical defects are addressed first.  Adding examples for the above for Low - Critical and critical - low

1. Low-Critical (Severity 4, Priority 1): A cosmetic issue that, although it does not significantly impact the user experience, must be fixed immediately due to some other factors, such as security or legal requirements. For example, a low-critical defect in a social networking platform app could be an incorrect label on a page that misleads users regarding their data privacy.
2. Critical-Low (Severity 1, Priority 4): A critical functionality issue that, although it has a significant impact on the user experience, can be fixed later and has a low priority due to other factors, such as a lack of resources. For example, a critical-low defect in a social networking platform app could be a slow loading time for certain pages that affects the user experience but is not critical to the app's overall functionality.

One more example for the above scenario

• Low-Critical (Severity 4, Priority 1): A minor typo in the app's user interface that does not affect the functionality but must be fixed immediately due to the company's brand image. For example, a low-critical defect in a social networking platform app could be a misspelling of the company's name on the login page that needs to be corrected immediately to maintain the company's brand image.

And another example for the Critical-Low combination:

• Critical-Low (Severity 1, Priority 4): A critical issue that affects the user experience but can be temporarily mitigated through workarounds. For example, a critical-low defect in a social networking platform app could be a slow performance of the video upload feature, which can be temporarily mitigated by reducing the video quality before uploading.

Please explain defect life cycle with the statuses New, Open, Fixed, Closed , rejected , Deferred.

The defect life cycle is the process of tracking and managing defects from the time they are reported until they are resolved and closed. The defect life cycle typically includes the following statuses:

1. New: The defect has been reported and is waiting to be reviewed and triaged.
2. Open: The defect has been reviewed and triaged, and a development team is assigned to address it.
3. Fixed: The development team has addressed the defect and provided a solution, but it has not yet been verified.
4. Closed: The defect has been verified and found to be resolved, and it is now closed.
5. Rejected: The defect has been reviewed and determined to not be a valid issue, either because it is not a defect or because it cannot be fixed.
6. Deferred: The defect has been reviewed and determined to be valid, but it is not a high-priority issue and will be addressed later.

The goal of the defect life cycle is to ensure that all defects are tracked, reviewed, and resolved in an efficient and effective manner. The specific steps and statuses in the defect life cycle may vary depending on the organization or project, but the overall process helps ensure that defects are properly managed and resolved, and that communication is clear between all stakeholders.

what should we do when we find regression defects ?

When you find regression defects, the following steps can help address the issue effectively:

1. Report the defect: Report the regression defect as soon as possible, providing as much detail as possible about the issue, including steps to reproduce the issue, expected behaviour, and actual behaviour.
2. Prioritize the defect: Determine the severity and priority of the regression defect, which can help determine the resources and timeline for addressing the issue.
3. Investigate the cause: Investigate to determine the cause of the regression defect, including reviewing code changes that may have caused the issue and determining if the issue was introduced by a new feature or if it is related to an existing feature.
4. Implement a solution: Develop and implement a solution to address the regression defect, taking care to ensure that the solution does not introduce new issues.
5. Regression test: Conduct regression testing to ensure that the solution has resolved the regression defect and that it has not introduced any new issues.
6. Monitor: Monitor the application to ensure that the regression defect has not reoccurred and that the solution is working as expected.

It is important to address regression defects as soon as possible, as they can significantly impact the functionality and quality of the software. A comprehensive regression testing strategy can help catch regression defects early and minimize their impact.

What is defect analysis and What is most important aspect of a defect analysis?

Defect analysis is the process of reviewing and analysing defects to determine the root cause and understand the underlying issues that need to be addressed. The goal of defect analysis is to improve the quality of the software by identifying areas for improvement and making changes to prevent similar defects from occurring in the future.

The most important aspect of a defect analysis is accurate and detailed data collection. This includes information about the defect itself, such as its description, severity, and priority, as well as data about the environment in which it was discovered, such as the software version, hardware configuration, and test conditions. Having accurate and complete data helps to identify trends, pinpoint areas for improvement, and provide actionable insights that can be used to improve the software development process.

Another important aspect of defect analysis is collaboration between development and testing teams. Defect analysis is often most effective when both teams work together to determine the root cause and identify areas for improvement. By sharing information and insights, both teams can gain a deeper understanding of the software and work together to make improvements that benefit the overall quality of the product.

How defects can be prevented

There are several steps that can be taken to prevent defects in software development:

1. Requirements gathering: Accurately defining and documenting the requirements for a project is the first step in preventing defects. This helps ensure that the software meets the needs of the stakeholders and reduces the likelihood of defects due to misunderstandings or miscommunication.
2. Code reviews: Regular code reviews can help identify defects early in the development process and prevent them from making it into production. Code reviews also provide an opportunity for developers to learn from one another and improve their coding skills.
3. Test-driven development: Implementing a test-driven development (TDD) process can help prevent defects by ensuring that the code is tested before it is released. This helps to catch defects early in the development process before they can cause significant issues.
4. Automated testing: Automated testing can help prevent defects by automatically running tests and detecting any issues. Automated testing is especially useful for regression testing, which can be time-consuming and difficult to do manually.
5. Continuous integration and continuous delivery: Implementing a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline can help prevent defects by automating the build, test, and release process. This helps to catch defects early in the development process and reduces the risk of introducing defects into production.
6. Root cause analysis: Conducting regular root cause analysis to understand why defects occur and how to prevent them from happening in the future can be a valuable tool in preventing defects. This helps to identify areas for improvement and implement changes that prevent similar defects from occurring in the future.

Preventing defects is a continuous process that requires ongoing effort and attention. By implementing best practices and continuously improving the development process, organizations can reduce the number of defects and improve the overall quality of their software.

What is defect seeding and how does it help ?

Defect seeding is a technique used to evaluate the effectiveness of a software testing process by intentionally introducing known defects into the code and tracking how they are detected and corrected. The purpose of defect seeding is to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process, identify areas for improvement, and help ensure that the software is thoroughly tested before it is released.

Defect seeding helps in several ways:

1. Evaluates the testing process: Defect seeding provides a way to evaluate the quality of the testing process and identify areas for improvement. It helps to determine the effectiveness of the tests, the skill of the testers, and the quality of the test infrastructure.
2. Improves testing coverage: Defect seeding helps to ensure that the software is thoroughly tested by forcing the testers to find and correct the known defects. This helps to increase the coverage of the testing process and reduces the likelihood of releasing software with undiscovered defects.
3. Identifies weak areas: Defect seeding helps to identify areas of the testing process that are weak or not well understood. This information can be used to improve the testing process and prevent similar issues from happening in the future.
4. Enhances collaboration: Defect seeding can enhance collaboration between the development and testing teams by encouraging communication and knowledge sharing. By working together to find and correct the known defects, both teams can improve their understanding of the software and work together to improve the overall quality of the product.

Defect seeding should be used with caution, as it has the potential to introduce new defects into the code. It is important to carefully plan and manage the defect seeding process to ensure that the benefits are maximized, and the risks are minimized.

what are the differences between Defect Containment , defect Cascading , defect seeding and Defect masking , what are the uses of each of these ?

Defect Containment, Defect Cascading, Defect Seeding, and Defect Masking are all techniques used in software testing and quality assurance. They have different goals and uses, as described below:

1. Defect Containment: Defect containment is a technique used to minimize the impact of defects on the software by controlling their spread and scope. The goal of defect containment is to prevent the defect from affecting other parts of the system, reducing the cost and time required to correct the problem. Defect containment is typically used early in the development process to identify and correct problems as soon as possible.
2. Defect Cascading: Defect cascading occurs when a single defect causes multiple problems in the software. The goal of defect cascading is to identify the root cause of the problem and correct it, preventing further issues from occurring. Defect cascading is typically used during the testing phase to identify and correct problems before the software is released.
3. Defect Seeding: Defect seeding is a technique used to evaluate the effectiveness of a software testing process by intentionally introducing known defects into the code and tracking how they are detected and corrected. The goal of defect seeding is to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process, identify areas for improvement, and help ensure that the software is thoroughly tested before it is released.
4. Defect Masking: Defect masking occurs when a defect in the software is hidden or disguised by another defect or by a workaround. The goal of defect masking is to identify the underlying problem and correct it, preventing further issues from occurring. Defect masking is typically used during the testing phase to identify and correct problems before the software is released.

In conclusion, each of these techniques has a different goal and use case. Defect containment is used to minimize the impact of defects, defect cascading is used to identify the root cause of problems, defect seeding is used to evaluate the testing process, and defect masking is used to identify hidden problems. The choice of which technique to use depends on the specific needs of the software project and the stage of the development process.

Explaining the same with an appropriate example for each

1. Defect Containment: Defect containment is a technique aimed at limiting the effect of defects on the software by controlling their spread and scope. For example, if a defect is discovered in the login module of a social networking platform app, the defect containment process might involve fixing the defect in the login module without affecting the other parts of the app. The goal is to prevent the defect from causing further problems and to reduce the cost and time required to correct the problem.
2. Defect Cascading: Defect cascading occurs when a single defect results in multiple issues in the software. For example, if a defect in the password reset module of a social networking platform app causes the password reset email to be sent to the wrong email address, this defect might cascade to cause issues with the user's account and profile. The goal of defect cascading is to identify the root cause of the problem and correct it, preventing further issues from occurring.
3. Defect Seeding: Defect seeding is a technique used to assess the quality of the software testing process by intentionally introducing known defects into the code and observing how they are detected and corrected. For example, a tester might seed a social networking platform app with five known defects and then track how many of those defects are detected and corrected during the testing process. The goal of defect seeding is to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process and to identify areas for improvement.
4. Defect Masking: Defect masking occurs when a defect in the software is concealed or disguised by another defect or by a workaround. For example, if a defect in the notification system of a social networking platform app is masked by a workaround that hides the notification, the underlying problem may not be detected. The goal of defect masking is to identify the hidden problem and correct it, preventing further issues from occurring.

In summary, each of these techniques serves a different purpose and is used in different stages of the development process. Defect containment minimizes the impact of defects, defect cascading identifies the root cause of problems, defect seeding evaluates the testing process, and defect masking identifies hidden problems. The choice of which technique to use depends on the specific needs of the software project and the stage of the development process.

Please explain different defect matrices with the corresponding formulae ?

There are several defect matrices used in software testing to evaluate the quality of the software and measure the effectiveness of the testing process. Here are a few commonly used defect matrices:

1. Defect Density: Defect density is a measure of the number of defects per unit of software size, typically expressed as defects per 1000 lines of code (KLOC). The formula for defect density is:

Defect Density = Total Number of Defects / KLOC

2. Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE): Defect Removal Efficiency measures the percentage of defects found and corrected at each stage of the software development process. The formula for DRE is:

Defect Removal Efficiency = (Total Number of Defects Found During Testing) / (Total Number of Defects Found During Testing + Total Number of Defects Found in Production)

3. Defect Leakage: Defect Leakage measures the percentage of defects that are not found and corrected during the testing process but are found in production. The formula for defect leakage is:

Defect Leakage = (Total Number of Defects Found in Production) / (Total Number of Defects Found During Testing + Total Number of Defects Found in Production)

4. Time-to-Detect (TTD): Time-to-Detect measures the amount of time it takes to detect a defect in the software. The formula for TTD is:

Time-to-Detect = (Time the Defect is Introduced) - (Time the Defect is Detected)

These matrices provide valuable information about the quality of the software and the effectiveness of the testing process. By using these matrices, software teams can identify areas for improvement, measure the impact of changes, and track the progress of the project over time.

A few more defect matrices that are commonly used in software testing:

5. Defect Fix Rate: Defect Fix Rate measures the rate at which defects are being fixed by the development team. The formula for Defect Fix Rate is:

Defect Fix Rate = (Total Number of Defects Fixed) / (Total Number of Defects Found)

6. Defect Escaped Ratio: Defect Escaped Ratio measures the ratio of the number of defects that were found in production to the number of defects that were detected during testing. The formula for Defect Escaped Ratio is:

Defect Escaped Ratio = (Total Number of Defects Found in Production) / (Total Number of Defects Found During Testing)

7. Defect Age: Defect Age measures the amount of time between when a defect was introduced and when it was detected. The formula for Defect Age is:

Defect Age = (Time the Defect was Detected) - (Time the Defect was Introduced)

8. Mean Time to Repair (MTTR): Mean Time to Repair measures the average time it takes to fix a defect once it has been detected. The formula for Mean Time to Repair is:

Mean Time to Repair = (Total Time to Fix Defects) / (Total Number of Defects Fixed)

These matrices provide valuable information about the efficiency of the development process and help software teams prioritize their efforts and improve the overall quality of their software. By using these matrices, teams can make data-driven decisions and track their progress over time.

Which among the above would be apt to follow in scrum process?

In a Scrum development process, some of the commonly used defect matrices include Defect Density, Defect Fix Rate, and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR).

1. Defect Density: This matrix helps the team understand the number of defects per unit of code and can be used to identify areas where the code is particularly error prone.
2. Defect Fix Rate: This matrix measures the rate at which defects are being fixed by the development team and can be used to track progress and improvement over time.
3. Mean Time to Repair (MTTR): This matrix measures the average time it takes to fix a defect once it has been detected and can help the team understand the efficiency of their development process and identify areas for improvement.

These matrices provide valuable insights into the quality of the product and the efficiency of the development process. In a Scrum process, it's important to continuously monitor and improve these metrics to ensure that the team is delivering high-quality software.

How does version management help in identifying the defect resolution ?

Version management helps in identifying the defect resolution by keeping track of the changes made to the software during the development process. When a defect is reported and resolved, the updated version of the software is stored in a version management system.

This helps in identifying the root cause of the defect by comparing the different versions of the software, and it also helps in ensuring that the same defect does not resurface in future versions. By tracking the version history, the development team can see the exact changes that were made to resolve the defect and make sure that these changes do not negatively impact other parts of the software.

In addition, version management also helps in tracking the progress of the development team and ensuring that the software is always in a releasable state. It makes it easier to roll back to a previous version if necessary and provides a clear record of the evolution of the software over time.

Overall, version management is a crucial aspect of software development and it helps in ensuring the quality and stability of the software by keeping track of the changes made to it and facilitating the resolution of defects.